Moreover, injection site reaction was the most common adverse event (34. Results: Of the 159 patients treated with ADAM zolmitriptan 3. Diagnosis: Classic Migraine with Aura (International Headache Society Diagnostic Criteria 3) At least 2 Headaches that fulfill the following criteria; One or more of the following, fully-reversible aura changes: Motor or Brainstem disturbance (fully reversible)Women [ 2, 4], individuals with pulsatile pain, patients whose headaches worsen through physical exercise, those with photophobia or phonophobia [ 2], and those with anxiety symptoms [ 2, 15] have higher chances of presenting osmophobia among adults with migraine [ 2]. Migraine is a common neurological condition with a 1-year prevalence of 10% in the general population. 49 Our group demonstrated that of 117 patients with chronic migraine, greater than. If headaches fulfill all but one of the . Migraines are a neurological disease, of which the most common symptom is an intense and disabling episodic headache. 2 Headache attributed to ingestion or inhalation of a cold stimulusPhotophobia and phonophobia. Photophobia and phonophobia: E. —Most people with migraine in the MAST observational study reported all 3 cardinal symptoms of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. Specifically, researchers have identified two of these brain-related causes of photophobia, which include: Activation of the trigeminal nerve. Loud noise is often reported by our patients to cause migraines. Patients may void less often (e. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Photophobia is a debilitating feature of many headache disorders. 4 4. Causes of Photophobia. 05). This is also an anxiety disorder, not a hearing problem. 6, 9 The condition predominantly affects children between 3 and 10 years of age and is more common in females. Migraine without aura is a recurrent headache attack of 4 to 72 hours; typically unilateral in location, pulsating in quality, moderate to severe in intensity, aggravated by physical activity, and associated with nausea and light and sound sensitivity (photophobia and phonophobia). and phonophobia in cluster headache. At least two of the following pain characteristics: 1. (2006). This study was planned to investigate the prevalence of osmophobia in migranous and episodic tension. Migraines are the most common cause of light sensitivity. The aura is a group of neurologic symptoms that precedes or accompanies the attack. In contrast, the mean age of vestibular migraine is younger than that of posterior circulation ischemia, with a female preponderance. Avoiding dietary triggers decreases migraine frequency, so education about these triggers can be. Visual aura occurred in 13. Autonomic Symptoms. Photophobia and phonophobia. Motion sickness was reported as a frequent symptom in all MV patients by Pagnini et al. 3 Migraine is a common disease occurring in up to 15% of the population in Western countries. Respondents reporting photophobia as the MBS were more likely to be men, to be. g. 2. 2-90. Symptoms relating to structures in the head (eg, the temporomandibular joint [TMJ], teeth, or ear) and neck should be reviewed. However, some individuals may experience. We all get a bit startled when there’s a sudden loud sound, but the key difference is that people with phonophobia live in fear for this occurrence all the time. (2021) Interictal Photophobia and Phonophobia Are Related to the Presence of Aura and High Frequency of Attacks in. The meaning of PHONOPHOBIA is an intolerance of or hypersensitivity to sound. 0%, 95% CI 89. Unilateral photophobia or. Migraine is not just a simple headache, it is a complicated condition with genetic influences that manifests as periods of moderate to severe headache, most frequently unilateral, and often accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. During the migraine episode, the child often looks ill and pale. 4%: 54. Diagnostic Criteria for Migraine without aura A. The pain is not aggravated by routine physical activity (such as walking or climbing stairs) and there are usually no symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia or phonophobia. Only the placebo arm was used. " Headache 46(6): 962-972. g. Where no such criteria were specified, the diagnosis of migraine had to be based on at least some of its distinctive features, (e. Photophobia is linked to the connection between cells in your eyes that detect light and a nerve that goes to your head. Similarities between phonophobia and photophobia in migraine provide evidence that both phenomena share a common pathophysiological mechanism in this condition. 5% in migraine subgroup and 89. According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3 (ICHD-3), TTH can last from minutes to days; however, a typical episode of TTH lasts 4. Photophobia AND Phonophobia; XII. 8 mg or placebo, prospectively designated MBS were photophobia (n = 79), phonophobia (n = 43), and nausea (n = 37). Most patients remain lying in their room in the dark. In. At least three of the following characteristics: 1. Summary of Case. Patients complain of intermittent headache and associated symptoms, such as visual disturbance, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or noise (photophobia and phonophobia). As the term derives from the Greek words “photo,” meaning light, and “phobia,” meaning fear, it literally denotes a fear of light. In this study, the percentage of patients achieving a pain relief response (mild or no pain) 2 hours after treatment was statistically significantly greater in patients who received AXERTR ® 6. In teenagers, during an episode, the face often has an exhausted look, a reduced facial expression, and an empty gaze. Aug 08, 2022. As long as the HA: Photophobia occurs in about 80% of migraines and resolves when the headache goes away. The prevalence seems to increase with age [1–3]. Purpose of Review To provide an updated overview of Photophobia with a particular focus on photophobia related to migraine. Dementia and emotional upset C. Her headaches are recurring, pulsating, and usually last for about 2 days without relief from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Phonophobia and hyperacusis are two separate but closely related symptoms that are often mistakenly used in clinical practice as the same entity. The fear of or desire to avoid light comes from a particular sensitivity that makes it difficult to be in bright surroundings. Hormonal status is important for both diagnosis (eg. The headache has a pressing or tightening quality but may have a dull featureless character. Phonophobia, Photophobia, Hyperacusis. Tension-type headaches are characterized by a dull, nonpulsating, band-like pain that is often bilateral. Clinical research offers more insight into photophobia in the post-stroke period. Phonophobia is defined as a fear of sound and may refer to an abnormal sensitivity to sound. Not better accounted. Attacks were not associated with headache, deafness, tinnitus, dysartharia, dysphagia, visual disturbances, numbness or difficulty with gait. (see IHS criteria I and II) Tension type headaches: Headaches due to fatigue or emotional stress, which present with a throbbing quality in a band-like distribution. Two-hour pain free rates in those with photophobia as the MBS were 36% for ADAM zolmitriptan 3. Pain referred originating in neck and perceived in the head/face b. Most patients remain lying in their room in the dark. The purpose of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate whether MwA is associated with greater symptoms of photophobia, phonophobia, and CA compared to. A 29-year-old computer programmer comes to your office for evaluation of a headache. These headaches often look a lot like migraine because of the non-headache symptoms that manifest, namely light and sound sensitivity, dizziness, aura and more. Some of these structures include trigeminal afferents in the eye, second. Yes. With photophobia, light can cause discomfort. Most patients present with other migrainous symptoms that include photophobia, phonophobia, osmophobia, visual, or other auras. Migraine headaches: Migraines often come with light sensitivity. Extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia) or sound (phonophobia) is common with migraines. There is a broad consensus that in migraine the cortex is hyperexcitable and, historically, photophobia in migraine has been attributed to cortical perturbations (). Introduction. include photophobia, phonophobia, cutaneous allodynia, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and emesis. Photophobia is defined as pain with normal or dim light. Auras typically occur in about one-third of older children and adolescents and precede the headache by 5–60. Its inclusion among diagnostic criteria was suggested, based on evidence of specificity for migraine diagnosis, greater than photophobia and phonophobia. As the term derives from the Greek words “photo,” meaning light, and “phobia,” meaning fear, it literally denotes a fear. Migraine headaches: Migraines often come with light sensitivity. Over the years, multiple mechanisms have. Evans anecdotally noted that many patients answer the question, "does light or noise bother you during a headache," with a. Visual aura occurred in 13. Vingen et al. Daily diary entries record information on the pattern and frequency of headaches and its accompanying symptoms (for example, nausea, photophobia and phonophobia), as well as use of acute medications (Box 2). A woman, age 45, who. 01) in both the menstruating and nonmenstruating groups. For most children it is difficult to describe a headache and fully verbalize symptoms such as photophobia and phonophobia that must be inferred from behaviour. 7 Diagnoses of migraine can be refined based on thePhotophobia and phonophobia have been studied through questionnaires ascertaining the presence of these symptoms during the headache attack, with a focus on the diagnostic improvement of the migraine-related. The presence of. Sudden loud and unexpected sound can cause anxiety attacks in a person who suffers from Phonophobia. ,. Pressing, tightening, non-pulsating quality ('like a vice or tight band'). Conclusions: The frequency of migraine in MD is higher than normal subjects. Phonophobia is not a hearing disorder. Migraine without aura is diagnosed based on the presence of at least 2 of 4 pain characteristics and on the presence of cardinal‐associated symptoms: nausea or vomiting or both photophobia and phonophobia. The action of magnesium sulphate on photophobia is easily explained in primarily central terms, reducing brain hyperexcitability. F. Photophobia* / therapy. Magnesium (Mg) is a necessary ion for human. g. Connection to the thalamus in the brain. 16. Vestibular migraine is becoming recognised as a distinct clinical entity that accounts for a high proportion of patients with vestibular symptoms. Photophobia and phonophobia have been studied through questionnaires ascertaining the presence of these symptoms during the headache attack, with a focus on the diagnostic improvement of the migraine-related. Over the years, multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain its causes; however, scarce research and lack of systematic assessment of photophobia in patients has made the search for answers. In this paper, we review the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of photophobia in neurological disorders, including primary headache, blepharospasm, progressive supranuclear palsy, and traumatic brain injury, discuss the definition, etiology and. Phonophobia is an abnormal and irrational fear of noise. , traffic, kitchen sounds, doors closing, or even loud speech) that cannot under any circumstances be damaging. Apart from the headache, vestibular symptoms, photophobia, and phonophobia, patients with VM may experience visual aura. Additionally, an aura may precede the headache, which is usually a neurologic symptom such as altered taste/smell, vision changes, or alterations in hearing. Current therapies of migraine center on treating acute. -Photophobia and phonophobia-Photophobia, phonophobia or nausea-Conjunctival injection, nasal congestion, eyelid edema, miosis, ptosis. D Substrates of TTH V. Several factors are believed to contribute to migraines, including certain foods, environmental changes,. The name “Phonophobia” originates from the Greek words for sound and fear. Read More. 0%, and 63. 4 %) and was closely associated with other accompanying symptoms. INTRODUCTION. Photophobia in migraine may take the form of migraine pain being worsened by light, photic allodynia, where the light is itself unpleasant without pain, photic. Clinical, laboratory, and/or imaging evidence of pathology within the cervical spine or soft tissues of the neck c. Unilateral autonomic symptoms can complicate the differentiation of unilateral migraine from TAC; however, CAS in migraine tend to be less severe and are. Migraines are the most common cause of light sensitivity. Photophobia, in particular, is a probable indicator of post-traumatic migraine, and people with headache or migraine symptoms due to TBI have lower tolerance for bright light. , only once a day) and have, in rare cases, urinary retention. Other nonpharmacologic treatments. 0001), even when patients were tested in the headache-free period (p<0. Soldiers on duty experience photophobia after blast-related concussions or mild traumatic brain injury in 60–75% of instances. Meningitis involves inflammation of the meninges around the brain as well as spinal cord, so it is typically associated with symptoms and signs that result from this inflammation. Migraine headaches: Migraines often come with light sensitivity. To review clinical and pre-clinical evidence supporting the role of visual pathways, from the eye to the cortex, in the development of photophobia in headache disorders. What Is Photophobia? The literal translation of photophobia from Greek is “fear of light. Phonophobia, also called ligyrophobia or sonophobia, is a fear of or aversion to loud sounds (for example fireworks)—a type of specific phobia. Eighty percent of migraines have no aura. She denies any history of similar headaches. In migraine, osmophobia was associated with photophobia and phonophobia (57/172, 33. Migraines are the most common cause of light. 30Photophobia and phonophobia occurred with equal or greater frequency in cluster headache than migraine. One or more fully reversible aura symptoms. Diagnosis requires: 0 At least five attacks lasting 4 -72 hours . E. 7). 13. cluster headache. Aggravation by routine physical activity E. 9% of our patients, it was lower than that observed elsewhere (one-quarter to one-third) ( 11 ,. . Both classes relieve head pain, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, and restore the patient’s ability to function normally during an acute attack. Nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia are commonly present. Its inclusion among diagnostic criteria was suggested, based on evidence of specificity for migraine diagnosis, greater than photophobia and. Migraine without aura is often called "common migraine" or "episodic migraine. 37 An increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli can be interpreted as an indication of central sensitization, 25 a process that is typically thought of as a secondary event that occurs following onset of. She states the headaches appear randomly. vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. 109 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG v 41. It is a very rare phobia which is often the symptom of hyperacusis. Digre, MD. 2. 1 Headache attributed to external application of a cold stimulus 4. cal activity and associated with photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting,1 and, frequently, cutaneous allodynia. no more than one of photophobia or phonophobia. Phonophobia. 2, 77. 1. Headache lasting 30 min to 7. association with at least nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or phonophobia. 4 – 6 There are less data on the characteristics and mechanisms of phonophobia, photophobia and osmophobia in. Getty Images Photophobia is a heightened sensitivity to light. Photophobia, phonophobia and osmophobia are common triggers of migraine attacks and are observed in 50–90%, 52–82% and 25–43% of patients with migraine, respectively . Prompt treatment of the migraine will relieve the light sensiti. g. Photophobia and phonophobia: Migraine with aura: A. Results. D. An aura is a fully reversible set of nervous system symptoms, most often visual or sensory symptoms,. 14 Unilateral photophobia suggests an inflammatory process in the affected eye, but may be seen with the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Drooping eyelid and muscle weakness D. g. If headaches fulfill all but one of the . Dementia and emotional upset False. During a migraine attack, approximately 80 percent of people experience photophobia. Photophobia describes intolerance to light or light sensitivity. A man, age 32, who complains of intense, one-sided pain in the temporal region that has persisted for. The inclusion of osmophobia in the ICHD-3 diagnostic criteria would enable a 9. The sensitivity causes discomfort, squinting, and headaches. 1% (2967/6045), nausea in 28. 5 mg compared with those who received placebo. Rarely patients may complain of concomitant ipsilateral limb pain that may alternate sides. In the presence of normal neurologic and ophthalmologic. The causes of photophobia range from minor to severe. However, the IHS does not provide a quantitative definition of this symptom. Respondents reporting phonophobia as the MBS were more likely to have cutaneous allodynia and less likely to have visual aura. Or, it may be due to dry eye and needing lubricating drops. Cephalalgia. Either photophobia or phonophobia may be present in TTH, but not both . Summary Photophobia, a sensory disturbance. Photophobia is often associated with more emotional symptoms. ”. 1,2 And the majority of these symptoms tend to be visual in nature, with about 15% dealing with photophobia prior to a cluster. Background: The MBS has emerged as an important. Before the onset of pain, prodromal symptoms can include a depressed mood, yawning, fatigue and cravings. A temporal overlap between vestibular symptoms, such as vertigo and head-movement intolerance, and migraine symptoms, such as headache, photophobia, and phonophobia, is a requisite diagnostic criterion. R. no more than one of photophobia, phonophobia or mild nausea 2. The term photophobia is a misnomer and not quite accurate. Excessive blinking. Phonophobia may be mediated by connections between the auditory pathways, auditory thalamus, and sensory cortex, but these pathways are not well characterized. 2 The most. Osmophobia D. The pain associated with a migraine can be debilitating; many people are left with little choice but to lie down in a dark room and wait for the headache to. Eye pain. A woman, age 28, with unilateral, pulsating head pain accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia who ran out of her regular headache medication. We investigate why light sensitivity (photophobia) and sound sensitivity (phonophobia) frequently occur together as symptoms. 0% increased diagnostic sensitivity. Photophobia is a medical symptom of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light. However, the relatively recent discovery of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) has generated a number of studies linking retinal mechanisms to photophobia. We investigate why light sensitivity (photophobia) and sound sensitivity (phonophobia) frequently occur together as symptoms. Exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy can be very effective, and medications may also helpIt probably depends on the susceptibility of a given migrainous individual whether the pronounced and possibly unpleasant perception of light or smell or other stimuli are the first symptom of the attack and photophobia, osmophobia, nausea or phonophobia will then be one of the distinctive following symptoms in the attack. Photophobia, an abnormal intolerance to light, is associated with a number of ophthalmic and neurologic conditions. The frequency of typical characteristics of migraine aura and migraine headache including photophobia and phonophobia decreases with advancing patient age. Fifty‐two migraineurs (mean age 39 years) were. This means sun glare or bright lights from other cars can make your. Chronic. , only once a day) and have, in rare cases, urinary retention. She reports severe photophobia and phonophobia as well as left-sided cephalgia during the headache duration. This might have potentially difficult implications for the diagnosis of MA in the elderly. Migraine attacks are characterized by unilateral throbbing, pulsating headache associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia and allodynia. 3% of migraine without aura attacks, and it was the only accompanying symptom in 4. Phonophobia is a highly treatable, specific phobia that both children and adults can develop. Phonophobia is an emotional response such as anxiety and avoidance of sound due to the “fear” that sound(s) may occur that will cause a comorbid condition to get worse (e. Photophobia is a common symptom of migraine. 0): Phonophobia, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting were the most frequent accompanying symptoms (experienced by 80. The term photophobia is a misnomer and not quite accurate. TTH . for CTTH: 1. 1%. Photophobia and phonophobia. Photophobia, phonophobia, and osmophobia are frequently associated with migraine attacks. Worse on waking. Most patients with chronic migraine have a history of migraine headaches that started at a young age. It may stem from heightened sensitivity in the trigeminal nerve, which controls the sensation of the face and eye. Photophobia, an abnormal intolerance to light, is associated with a number of ophthalmic and neurologic conditions. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. How to use phonophobia in a sentence. Clinical Information. Photophobia is the fear or discomfort of a bright light, while phonophobia is the fear or discomfort of certain noises. [1] Patients may perceive this sensation as painful, frightening, unpleasant, or excessively loud. The first source of light-triggered pain revolves around the trigeminal nerve. Patients may void less often (e. It is defined as an “abnormal sensitivity to light, especially of the eyes” ( 4 ). The wavelength of light causing photophobia in. Nausea and vomiting are frequent, particularly in young children. However, reflex blepharospasm in response to bright light can be difficult to identify. The tightening sensation is located all over the head and is of moderate. Migraine-associated symptoms, including photophobia, phonophobia, and visual auras occurred less often in MD patients, except for some patients with migraine . The headache may also be associated with no more than one of photophobia or phonophobia, and; The headache has at least two of: Bilateral location. Migraine is a type of primary neurovascular dysfunction disease, that is characterized by unilateral or bilateral pulsatile pain, and is accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms IHS. Carvalho, G. Chronic light-sensitivity can act as a catalyst for dizziness, vertigo, lightheadedness, headache and other symptoms that are often associated with vestibular disorders. Episodic tension-type headache, which occurs no more than a few times a month, rarely causes concern. At least two attacks fulfilling criterion B: B. g. Both photophobia and phonophobia are known to be associated with migraines. pain may involve the back (posterior) part of the head or neck. 2– 6 About one third of those with migraine have migraine with aura, and approximately three quarters experience a premonitory phase prior to the onset of headache. Moreover, 2% of the population has repeated bouts of migraine attack [1, 2]. Phonophobia. Migraine is a recurrent headache disorder that manifests itself in attacks lasting 4–72 h; typical characteristics of migraine are unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate or severe intensity, aggravation by routine activity and association with nausea and/or photophobia and phonophobia. , & Bevilaqua-Grossi, D. Anxiety, depression, fear, anger or irritability, and stress are among the mood-related changes that. Verapamil would be a preventative option for treatment of vestibular migraines. Headache lasting 4 to 72 hours C. 4, 5 In South. Otherwise, cerebral MRI may be an important examination for. Causes. Daily documentation of headache intensity, laterality, throbbing, photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea were used to distinguish between headache and migraine days. 6, 71. include photophobia, phonophobia, cutaneous allodynia, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and emesis. Typical ictal symptoms were triggered and spontaneous vertigo, associated with photophobia and phonophobia, nausea, aural symptoms, and headache. The coexistence of photophobia and headache is associated with the interactions between visual and pain pathway at retina, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus and visual cortex. This is similar to photophobia that is reported with ICD-9 code 368. Phonophobia, as addressed in the audiology profession, describes anticipatory fear of sound. See the list below: Average headache frequency of more than 15 days per month for more than 6 months fulfilling the following criteria. Motion sickness, motion sensitivity, photophobia, and phonophobia are significant differential highlights of vestibular migraine. , et al. Neither headache group was significantly different as to photophobia and phonophobia, but both were significantly more sensitive to light and sound than controls (p<0. Photophobia and phonophobia absent or only one present. For these reasons, a lumbar puncture-induced transient improvement of headache and accompanying symptoms does not allow the. Photophobia and phonophobia C. Inflammation. Bilateral photophobia is a consistent complaint with migraine, and migraine patients tend to be more sensitive to light in general, including some. Only few studies in patients with migraine and TTH have examined the. 1 Additionally, patients can have a variety of other neurological symptoms—eg, vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus, and cognitive impairment. Photophobia, or extreme light sensitivity, is a common symptom of migraine and is one of the criteria used to diagnose migraine. An abnormal sensitivity to or intolerance of light, especially by the eyes, as may be caused. Autonomic Symptoms. Tension-type headache (TTH) is a primary headache disorder and the most common type of headache overall. The discovery of the intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells which signal the intensity of light on the retina has led to discussion of their role in the pathogenesis of photophobia. , tinnitus) or the sound itself will result in discomfort or pain. Longer headache duration (<4 h) followed by throbbing pain, higher visual analog scale (VAS) scores, increase of pain by physical activity, nausea/vomiting, and photophobia and/or phonophobia are the main distinguishing clinical characteristics of comorbid MwoA in patients with I/GE, for being classified in the full diagnosis group. Migraine pathophysiology is influenced by sex. But how do you know if what a patient is experiencing is aura? The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD 3) suggests that auras may be visual (most common—90% of all auras), sensory, speech and or language, motor, brainstemWhereas misophonia focus on the more soft sounds, phonophobia is the fear of (sudden) loud sounds. The term photophobia, derived from 2 Greek words, photo meaning “light” and phobia meaning “fear”, literally. Patients with TTH have lower discomfort thresholds to white light than controls but higher thresholds than migraineurs during ictal and interictal periods [ 27 ], which can explain the phenomenon that TTH patients suffer from persistent but not severe photophobia when. Our findings support that there is a migraine subtype that presents with a high frequency of sensory. 6, 71. Stress and muscle tension are often factors in tension-type headaches. Recent findings: Migraine is known to be more prevalent, frequent, and disabling in women. Migraine without aura is diagnosed based on the presence of at least 2 of 4 pain characteristics and on the presence of cardinal-associated symptoms: nausea or vomiting or both photophobia and phonophobia. Often, these are normal environmental sounds (e. What’s that smell? Migraine is associated with a number of disabling aura symptoms such as visual changes, focal numbness, focal weakness and speech changes as well as associated symptoms such as photophobia, phonophobia, nausea and osmophobia. As migraine “chronification” occurs, protypical migraine features (i. Photophobia and phonophobia; Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis . Photophobia. b) photophobia OR phonophobia 5. “The major associated symptoms of migraine — photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea — are important for assessing a therapy’s effect on the migraine, but all symptoms are not always present. However, the headache literature seems to be rather unsympathetic to the general concept that noise is a migraine trigger. Cranial and neck tenderness is observed in some patients. Introduction. 7% of migraine without aura attacks. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) ICD-10-CM G43. Photophobia. This form of sensitization. Photophobia and phonophobia (photophobia may be inferred from behavior in young children) Subtypes: Episodic (<15 days/mo) and chronic (≥15 days/mo on average for >3 mo) Tension-type headache (code 2) A. 9% of. 15. Photophobia is defined as pain with normal or dim light. Conclusion: Most people with migraine in the MAST observational study reported all 3 cardinal symptoms of nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. Respondents designating photophobia as the MBS (N = 2967) were more likely to be men, more likely to be obese, and 40% more likely to have visual aura. Osmophobia, a sensitivity to smell, is frequently described in 95% of migraine patients and is.